腘窝囊肿并有膝关节退变是否手术
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患者: 今年6月份我母亲下蹲时突然腿发麻,无法站起来,去医院做了B超。医生说腿窝长了个囊肿,鸡蛋大。建议,如果继续增长,就手术。另外,B超结果还有膝关节 退行性变。后又去了大医院去复查了一下,教授说他们建议手术。如果保守治疗的话,就不用管。平时她的膝盖老酸痛,不知和这个有没有关系。 我想问一下,就目前情况是否需要手术?腿经常酸疼是否和囊肿有关还是跟退行性变有关?应如何治疗?广东省中医院骨科许树柴
广东省中医院骨科许树柴:
你好
膝关节退行性变,DOA,经常可以伴随腘窝囊肿;其实膝关节退变是本源,腘窝囊肿仅仅是表现,如果单纯切除囊肿,膝关节仍然疼痛。
这就是所谓先有鸡(DOA),后才生蛋(囊肿)。有时可以关节镜手术前方膝关节,修理膝关节病变后,再切除后方囊肿;手术后部分人可以改善症状;部分人效果不大。
这是实情。这个手术以前是谁都可切,现在技术进步了,应该是骨科中的运动医学医生做的事。最好是使用关节镜的医生去做。
保守治疗可以穿刺后注入少量的激素(1年不超过3次),然后加压包扎,少部分人有效。可以按膝关节DOA标准治疗。
也可看看国外的部分文献:
Popliteal Cysts: MRI Finding or Treatable Lesion: Arthroscopic and Open Treatment Options
History 历 史 First described by Adams in 1840 “enlarged bursa that is normally situated beneath the inner head of the gastocnemius and communicates with the joint by a species of valvular opening” 1856 – “Foucher’s sign” – firm with extension and soft with knee flexion
1877 – Baker described association with semimembranosus bursa and potential for rupture Baker’s cysts then associated with TB or Charcot joint (Baker's囊肿与结核或夏和式关节病有关)1938 – Wilson – bursa between medial head of gastroc and bursa under semimembranosus connects 1973‐ Taylor – Valvular communication between joint and medial gastroc bursa 1977 – Lindgren – Increased frequency of communication with joint with age – (thinning of posterior capsule) Anatomy 解剖 Located posteromedial between medial head of gastroc and semimembranosus tendon Occasionally posterolateral from popliteus sheath (not true Baker’s) Better described as “Popliteal Bursa” (Johnson 1997) Prospective arthroscopic study – 37% knees had opening into popliteal bursa Often associated with meniscal tears, DJD, rheumatoid disease or other synovitis Incidence 5‐58% in symptomatic patients 发病率 Fielding (1991) 5% prevalence on MRI, 82% associated with meniscal tear 在MRI检查中,有5%可见,其中82%与半月板撕裂有关。 Guerra (1981) 30% in cadavers . 在尸体解剖中,30%可见腘窝囊肿
Symptoms
Posteromedial mass +/‐ pain >5cm more likely to be symptomatic Pediatric – usually asymptomatic and resolve Tibial nerve compression – foot numbness Tibial vein compression – swelling (Sanchez 2011) Rupture – “pseudothrombophlebitis” Chronic dissection or leakage – often mistaken for DVT DDX – fibrosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, malignant fibrous hisitocytoma (all rare) Non‐operative treatment 非手术治疗 DiSante (2010) Cyst aspiration and injection = intraarticular injection Acebes (2006) Improvement at 4 months after intraarticular injection Open Treatment 开放性手术治疗 Raushning (1979) Posterior approach ‐Open dissection of cyst down to joint with suture or cautery of stalk Recurrence – 63% Modified to include arthroscopic treatment of intraarticular lesions and open closure of cyst with partial gastroc‐pedicle graft to reinforce Hughston (1991) posteromedial approach with capsulotomy – cyst removal and closure of opening +/‐ flap Recurrence 2/30 Arthroscopic Treatment 关节镜手术治疗 Sansone (1999) Addressed intraarticular pathology and removed flap via anteromedial portal 90% had meniscal tear 29/30 minimal or no symptoms , cysts resolved at 1 year via u/s
Rupp (2002) Addressed intraarticular pathology only
u/s 1‐3 years post‐op 11/16 still had cysts present Correlated with poor results
Correlated with grade III and IV chondromalacia
Takahshi (2005) Used posteromedial portal to excise – technical note Calvisi (2007) Arthroscopic suturing of opening 2 year MRI 64% cysts absent Technically difficult Ahn (2007, 2010) Technical description of flap removal thru posteromedial portal Posteromedial cystic portal used to excise cyst if fibrous membrane, nodules, or septa are present MRI follow up 1‐3 year – cyst gone or reduced to <1cm in all patients Our Technique: 我们的技术1. Routine scope, address all intraarticular pathology 2. Pass scope from anterolateral (occasionally anteromedial) portal into PM compartment 3. Needle locate and bluntly make PM portal 4. Take down PoTSI (Posterior Transverse Synovial Infold) with shavers, basket 5. PoTSI always found medial to medial head of gastroc 6. Transfer scope into PM portal and view into cyst 7. Irrigate out loose bodies, chondral flakes 8. Can excise large cyst via percutaneous portal (use mri to find most superficial location of cyst)
REFERENCES: 参考文献
Malinowski K, Synder M, Sibi ski M. Selected cases of arthroscopic treatment of
popliteal cyst with associated intra-articular knee disorders primary report. OrtopTraumatol Rehabil. 2011 Dec 30;13(6):573-82 Sanchez JE, Conkling N, Labropoulos N. Compression syndromes of thepopliteal neurovascular bundle due to Baker cyst. J Vasc Surg. 2011Dec;54(6):1821-9. Epub 2011 Sep 29. Review.
Di Sante L, Paoloni M, Ioppolo F, Dimaggio M, Di Renzo S, Santilli V.
Ultrasound-guided aspiration and corticosteroid injection of Baker's cysts in kneeosteoarthritis: a prospective observational study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2010Dec;89(12):970-5.Keen HI, Mease PJ, Bingham CO 3rd, Giles JT, Kaeley G, Conaghan PG.Systematic review of MRI, ultrasound, and scintigraphy as outcome measures forstructural pathology in interventional therapeutic studies of knee arthritis: focuson responsiveness. J Rheumatol. 2011 Jan;38(1):142-54. Ahn JH, Lee SH, Yoo JC, Chang MJ, Park YS. Arthroscopic treatment ofpopliteal cysts: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging results. Arthroscopy.2010 Oct;26(10):1340-7.
From: AANA Fall Course
November 9, 2012 Julie A. Dodds, M.D.
祝安
广州中医药大学附属广州二沙岛医院骨科 许树柴
广东省中医院骨科许树柴:
囊肿可以切掉,但是部分人膝关节疼痛仍然可能有。但是先做MRI,如果有游离体,半月板确实破裂所致的疼痛与囊肿有效。如果伴有软骨3-4度退变的效果不好。从完全专业的角度看,做MRI后放网上,可以较准确的诊断及治疗。
祝安
广州中医药大学附属广东省中医院骨科 许树柴