肺癌的病理学检查 NCCN指南2016年第4版

NSCLC NCCN2016V4 Discussion
讨论

Pathologic Evaluation of Lung Cancer
肺癌的病理学检查山东省肿瘤医院呼吸肿瘤内科张品良

Pathologic evaluation is performed to classify the histologic type of the lung cancer, determine the extent of invasion, determine whether it is primary lung cancer or metastatic cancer, establish the cancer involvement status of the surgical margins (ie, positive or negative margins), and do molecular diagnostic studies to determine whether certain gene alterations are present (eg, epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] mutations) (see Principles of Pathologic Review in the NCCN Guidelines for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer).
进行病理学检查是为了对肺癌进行组织学分型、确定浸润范围、判断是原发性肺癌还是转移癌、确定手术切缘的癌症累及情况（即阳性或阴性切缘），并进行分子诊断研究以确定是否存在某些基因改变（如，表皮生长因子受体[EGFR]突变（见非小细胞肺癌NCCN指南中的病理学检查原则）。

Data show that targeted therapy is potentially very effective in patients with specific gene mutations or rearrangements (see EGFR Mutations and ALK Gene Rearrangements in this Discussion).
数据显示，在特定基因突变或重排的患者中靶向治疗有可能非常有效（见本讨论中的EGFR突变和ALK基因重排）。

Preoperative evaluations include examination of the following: bronchial brushings, bronchial washings, sputum, FNA biopsy, core needle biopsy, endobronchial biopsy, and transbronchial biopsy.
术前评估包括下列检查：支气管刷检、支气管灌洗、痰液、FNA活检、空心针穿刺活检、支气管内活检和经支气管肺活检。

Minimally invasive techniques can be used to obtain specimens in patients with advanced unresectable NSCLC; however, diagnosis may be more difficult when using small biopsies and cytology.
在晚期不可切除的NSCLC患者中，可以用微创技术来获取标本；然而，当使用小活检和细胞学时，诊断可能会更困难。

The mediastinal lymph nodes are systematically sampled to determine the staging and therapeutic options.
对纵隔淋巴结进行系统采样，以确定分期和治疗方案。

Other lung diseases also need to be ruled out (eg, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis).
还需要排除其他肺部疾病（如结核病、结节病）。

Lobectomy or pneumonectomy specimens are evaluated intraoperatively to determine the surgical resection margin status, diagnose incidental nodules discovered at the time of surgery, or evaluate the regional lymph nodes.
术中评估肺叶或全肺切除标本以确定手术切缘情况、确诊手术时偶然发现的结节或评估区域淋巴结。

Postoperative evaluation provides the pathology characteristics necessary for the classification of tumor type, staging, and prognostic factors.
术后评估为肿瘤分型、分期和预后因素提供必要的病理特征。

The surgical pathology report should include the WHO histologic classification for carcinomas of the lung.
手术病理报告应包括WHO肺癌组织学分类。

In 2011, the classification for lung adenocarcinoma was revised by an international panel (see Adenocarcinoma in this Discussion).
在2011年，国际专家组修订了肺腺癌分类（见此讨论中的腺癌）。

The revised classification requires immunohistochemical, histochemical, and molecular studies (see Principles of Pathologic Review in the NCCN Guidelines for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer).
修订后的分类需要免疫组织化学、组织化学和分子研究（见非小细胞肺癌NCCN指南中的病理学检查原则）。

In addition, the revised classification recommends that use of general categories (eg, NSCLC) should be minimized, because more effective treatment can be selected when the histology is known.
此外，修订的分类法建议，应尽量减少使用总分类（如，NSCLC），因为当组织学已知时，可以选择更有效的治疗。

Adenocarcinoma
腺癌

In the revised classification for adenocarcinoma, the categories of BAC or mixed subtype adenocarcinoma are no longer used.
在修订的腺癌分类法中，不再使用BAC或混合腺癌亚型分类。

If necessary, former BAC can be used.
如果有必要，可以使用以前的BAC。

The categories for adenocarcinoma include: 1) AIS (formerly BAC), which is a preinvasive lesion; 2) MIA; 3) invasive adenocarcinoma (includes formerly nonmucinous BAC); and 4) variants of invasive adenocarcinoma (includes formerly mucinous BAC).
腺癌的类型包括：1）AIS（原位腺癌，原来的BAC），这是一种癌前病变；2）MIA（微浸润腺癌）；3）浸润腺癌（包括以前的非黏液性BAC）；和4）浸润腺癌的变异型（包括以前的黏液性BAC）。

Both AIS and MIA are associated with excellent survival if they are resected.
AIS（原位腺癌）和MIA（微小浸润性腺癌）如果切除两者均具有极好的生存。

The international panel and NCCN recommend that all patients with adenocarcinoma be tested for EGFR mutations; the NCCN Panel also recommends that these patients be tested for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements and other genetic alterations.
国际性组织和NCCN推荐对所有腺癌患者进行EGFR突变检测；NCCN小组还建议对这些患者进行间变性淋巴瘤激酶（ALK）基因重排以及其他基因改变检测。

The terms--AIS, MIA, and large cell carcinoma---should not be used for small samples because of challenges with cytology specimens.
对于小样本，由于面临细胞学标本的挑战，不应使用AIS（原位腺癌）、MIA（微浸润腺癌）和大细胞癌术语。

Immunohistochemical Staining
免疫组化染色

Immunostains are used to differentiate primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma from metastatic adenocarcinoma to the lung (eg, breast, prostate, colorectal), to distinguish adenocarcinoma from malignant mesothelioma, and to determine the neuroendocrine status of tumors.
免疫标记用于鉴别原发性肺腺癌和肺转移性腺癌（如乳腺、前列腺、结肠）、鉴别恶性间皮瘤的腺癌并确定肿瘤的神经内分泌状态。

Immunohistochemical staining is described in the NSCLC algorithm (see Principles of Pathologic Review in the NCCN Guidelines for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer).
免疫组化染色在NSCLC工作步骤中描述（见非小细胞肺癌NCCN指南中的病理学检查原则）。

However, limited use of IHC in small tissue samples is recommended to conserve tumor tissue for molecular studies, especially in patients with advanced disease.
然而，在小的组织标本中IHC应用受限，建议保存肿瘤组织进行分子研究，尤其是在晚期患者中。

For the 2016 update (Version 1), the NCCN Panel added a recommendation that IHC should be judiciously used to preserve tissue for molecular testing.
2016年第1版更新，NCCN小组增加了一个对于保存用于分子检测的组织应审慎使用IHC。

Before using IHC, all findings should be assessed including routine H&E histology, clinical findings, imaging studies, and the patient’s history.
在使用IHC之前，应评估所有的检查结果包括常规H&E组织学、临床表现、影像学检查及患者的病史。

Although cytology can be used to distinguish adenocarcinomas from squamous cell carcinomas, IHC is also useful for poorly differentiated NSCLC in small biopsy and/or cytology specimens.
虽然细胞学可以用来区分腺癌与鳞状细胞癌，但是对于小活检的低分化NSCLC和/或细胞学标本IHC也是有用的。

Squamous cell carcinomas are often TTF-1 negative and p63 positive, whereas adenocarcinomas are usually TTF-1 positive.
鳞状细胞癌通常是TTF-1阴性和p63阳性，而腺癌通常是TTF-1阳性。

These 2 markers may be sufficient to distinguish adenocarcinomas from squamous cell carcinomas.
这两个标记可能足以区分腺癌与鳞状细胞癌。

Other markers (eg, p40, Napsin A) may also be useful in distinguishing adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma.
其他标记（如p40、Napsin A）在区分腺癌与鳞状细胞癌方面可能也是有用的。

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is valuable for distinguishing between malignant mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma.
对于区分恶性间皮瘤和肺腺癌，免疫组织化学（IHC）是有价值的。

However, the NCCN Panel feels that malignant mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma can be distinguished using clinical impression, imaging, and a limited panel of immunomarkers (if needed) to preserve tissue for molecular testing.
然而，NCCN小组认为恶性间皮瘤和肺腺癌可以使用临床印象、影像以及对保存的用于分子检测的组织用一组限定的免疫标记（如果需要）来区分。

The stains that are positive for adenocarcinoma include carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), B72.3, Ber-EP4, MOC-31, CD15, claudin-4, and TTF-1; these stains are negative for mesothelioma.
对于腺癌，阳性染色包括癌胚抗原（CEA）、CA724（B72.3）、Ep-CAM（上皮特异性抗原，Ber-EP4)、MOC-31、CD15、紧密连接蛋白-4和甲状腺转录因子-1（TTF-1）；对于间皮瘤，这些染色是阴性的。

Stains that are sensitive and specific for mesothelioma include WT-1, calretinin, D2-40 (podoplanin antibody), HMBW-1, and cytokeratin 5/6.
对于间皮瘤，敏感且特异的染色包括WT-1、钙结合蛋白、D2-40（平足蛋白抗体）、HMBW-1和细胞角蛋白5/6。

If needed, a panel of 4 markers can be used to distinguish mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma-2 are positive in mesothelioma and 2 are positive in adenocarcinoma but negative in mesothelioma-including calretinin, cytokeratin 5/6 (or WT-1), CEA, and MOC-31 (or B72.3, Ber-EP4, or BG-8).
如果需要，一组4个标记可以用来区分间皮瘤与腺癌--两个在间皮瘤中阳性、两个在腺癌中阳性但在间皮瘤中阴性--包括钙结合蛋白、细胞角蛋白5/6（或WT-1）、CEA和MOC-31（或B72.3、Ber-EP4或BG-8）。

An appropriate panel of immunohistochemical stains is recommended to rule out metastatic carcinoma to the lung if the primary origin of the carcinoma is uncertain.
如果癌的原发灶不确定，建议用一组合理的免疫组化染色以排除肺转移性癌。

TTF-1 is very important for distinguishing primary lung adenocarcinoma from metastatic adenocarcinoma, because most primary adenocarcinomas are TTF-1 positive.
对于识别原发肺腺癌与转移性腺癌TTF-1是非常重要的，因为大多数原发性腺癌是TTF-1阳性的。

TTF-1 is typically negative for squamous cell carcinoma.
鳞状细胞癌TTF-1通常是阴性的。

However, TTF-1 is positive in tumors from patients with thyroid cancer.
然而，甲状腺癌患者的肿瘤TTF-1是阳性的。

In addition, thyroglobulin is present in tumors from patients with thyroid cancer, while it is negative in lung cancer tumors.
此外，甲状腺球蛋白存在于甲状腺癌患者的肿瘤中，而在肺癌肿瘤中是阴性的。

Pulmonary adenocarcinoma of the lung is usually CK7+ and CK20-, whereas metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colorectum is usually CK7- and CK20+.
肺的肺腺癌通常是CK7+和CK20-，而结直肠的转移性腺癌通常是CK7-和CK20+。

CDX2 is a marker for metastatic gastrointestinal malignancies that can be used to differentiate them from primary lung tumors.
CDX2（肠道特异性转录因子2）是转移性胃肠道恶性肿瘤的一个标记物，可用于与原发性肺肿瘤的区分。

All typical and atypical carcinoid tumors are positive for chromogranin and synaptophysin, whereas SCLC is negative in 25% of cases.
所有典型与不典型类癌嗜铬粒蛋白和突触素均是阳性的，而25%的SCLC病例是阴性的。

Although the cytologic diagnosis of NSCLC is generally reliable, it is more difficult to diagnose SCLC.
虽然NSCLC的细胞学诊断通常是可靠的，但是诊断SCLC更困难。

However, many patients with SCLC have characteristic CT and clinical findings (eg, massive lymphadenopathy, mediastinal invasion).
然而，许多SCLC患者具有特征性的CT和临床表现（如淋巴结肿大、纵隔侵犯）。

Most SCLCs are immunoreactive for TTF-1; they are typically negative for CK34βE12 and p63.
对于TTF-1大多数SCLCs是阳性的；对于CK34βE12和p63他们通常是阴性的。

Many SCLCs also stain positively for markers of neuroendocrine differentiation, including chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, neural cell adhesion molecule, and synaptophysin.
对于神经内分泌分化的标记，包括嗜铬粒蛋白A、神经元特异性烯醇化酶、神经细胞黏附分子和突触素，许多SCLCs染色也是阳性的。

However, these markers alone cannot be used to distinguish SCLC from NSCLC, because approximately 10% of NSCLCs are immunoreactive for at least one of these neuroendocrine markers.
然而，这些标记不能用来区分SCLC和NSCLC，因为大约10%的NSCLCs这些神经内分泌标记中至少一个是阳性的。

Data suggest that microRNA expression can be used to distinguish SCLC from NSCLC.
数据表明，microRNA表达可以用来区分SCLC和NSCLC。

Staging
分期

The NCCN Guidelines use the AJCC (7th edition) staging system for lung cancer.
NCCN指南使用AJCC （第7版） 肺癌分期系统。

The definitions for TNM and the stage grouping are summarized in Tables 1 and 2 of the staging tables (see Definitions for T,N,M and Staging in the NCCN Guidelines for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer).
TNM定义、分期组合总结在分期表1和2（见非小细胞肺癌NCCN指南中的T、N、M分期定义）。

The descriptors of the TNM classification scheme are summarized in Table 3 of the staging tables (see Staging).
TNM分期方案的描述总结在分期表中的表3（见分期）。

The lung cancer staging system was revised by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) and was adopted by the AJCC.
肺癌分期系统由国际肺癌研究协会（IASLC）修订并被AJCC采用。

With the AJCC staging, locally advanced disease is stage III; advanced disease is stage IV.
对于AJCC分期，局部晚期疾病是III期；晚期疾病是IV期。

Pathologic staging uses both clinical staging information (which is noninvasive and includes medical history, physical examination, and imaging) and other invasive staging procedures (eg, thoracotomy, examination of lymph nodes using mediastinoscopy).
病理分期使用临床分期信息（无创性，包括病史、体格检查和影像）和其他侵袭性分期措施（如开胸手术、纵隔镜淋巴结检查）两者的信息。

From 2005 to 2011, the overall 5-year relative survival rate for lung cancer was 17.4% in the United States.
从2005年到2011年，在美国，肺癌的5年总生存率为17.4%。

Of lung and bronchial cancer cases, 16% were diagnosed while the cancer was still confined to the primary site; 22% were diagnosed after the cancer had spread to regional lymph nodes or directly beyond the primary site; 57% were diagnosed after the cancer had already metastasized; and for the remaining 5% the staging information was unknown.
在肺和支气管癌的病例中，有16%被诊断为癌症，而癌症仍局限于原发部位；22%是在癌症已经扩散到区域淋巴结或直接超出了原发部位后确诊；57%是在癌症已经转移后确诊；而其余的5%分期信息不明。

The corresponding 5-year relative survival rates were 54.8% for localized, 27.4% for regional, 4.2% for distant, and 7.5% for unstaged.
相应的5年相对生存率是局部54.8%、区域27.4%、远处4.2%、未分期7.5%。

However, these data include SCLC, which has a poorer prognosis.
然而，这些数据包括预后较差的SCLC。

Five-year survival after lobectomy for pathologic stage I NSCLC ranges from 45% to 65%, depending on whether the patient has stage 1A or 1B disease and on the location of the tumor.
病理I期NSCLC在叶切除术后的5年生存率为45%到65%，取决于患者是IA还是IB期疾病以及肿瘤的位置。

Another study in patients with stage I disease (n = 19,702) found that 82% had surgical resection and their 5-year overall survival was 54%; however, for untreated stage I NSCLC, 5-year overall survival was only 6%.
另外一项Ⅰ期疾病患者（n=19702）的研究发现，手术切除的82%中，其5年总生存率是54%；然而，对于未治疗的Ⅰ期NSCLC，5年总生存率仅为6%。

Of patients with stage I disease who refused surgery (although it was recommended), 78% died of lung cancer within 5 years.
在拒绝手术（虽然建议）的I期患者中，78%在5年内死于肺癌。